CRAZY AMIGO

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Air pollution generated from mobile sources such as automobiles contributes major air quality problems in rural as well as in urban and industrial areas in both developed and developing countries. Vehicle population is projected to grow close to 1300 million by the year 2030. A large amount of vehicle transportation relies on combustion of diesel, gasoline, jet fuels with large amount of emission of carbon monoxide (CO), Unburned hydrocarbons (HC), Nitrogen oxide (NOx) and particulate matters (PM) are specially concern. HC, CO occur because the combustion efficiency < 100%. The NOx is formed during the very high temperatures (>1500 C) of the combustion process resulting in thermal fixation of nitrogen in the air which forms NOx. Typical exhaust gases compositionat the normal engine operating conditions are: Carbon monoxide (CO, 0.5 Vol. %), unburned Hydrocarbon (HC, 350vppm), Nitrogen Oxides (NOx, 900ppm), Hydrogen (H2, 0.17vol. %), Water (H2O,1...

INTRODUCTION              Welding is an important process of modern engineering – in all branches. It is used in fabrications and erections in infrastructures and installations. It joins metals or thermoplastics. Forming a pool of molten mass, the weld puddle, and allowing it to cool to become a strong joint is the basis of the process of welding. For repairing to be carried out underwater, there is a separate process. That is called underwater welding. If damaged ships are to be repaired, underwater welding is the basic technology to be used. It is a highly-specialized profession – more employed in the oil or shipping industry and also in the defense operations.              The fact that electric arc could operate was known for over a 100 years. The first ever underwater welding was carried out by British Admiralty – Dockyard for sealing leaking ship rivets bel...